Novel neuromodulatory compounds

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are novel neuromodulatory compounds and compositions thereof. In other embodiments, provided herein are methods of treatment, prevention, or amelioration of a variety of medical disorders such as, for example, migraine and Parkinson&#39;s disease, using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein. In still other embodiments, provided herein are methods of agonizing receptors such as, for example, the 5-HT 1D  and/or the 5-HT 1B  receptor, without agonizing the 5-HT 2B  receptor using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein. In still other embodiments, provided herein are methods of antagonizing or inhibiting activity at receptors such as, for example, the adrenergic alpha 2A  and/or the alpha 2B  receptors using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein. In other embodiments, provided herein are methods of agonizing dopaminergic D 2  receptors and/or antagonizing or inhibiting activity of receptors such as the 5-HT 2  receptors using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/578,778 filed Dec. 21, 2011, whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Provided herein are novel neuromodulatory compounds and compositionsthereof. In other embodiments, provided herein are methods of treatment,prevention, or amelioration of a variety of medical disorders such as,for example, migraine and Parkinson's disease, using the compounds andcompositions disclosed herein. In still other embodiments, providedherein are methods of agonizing receptors such as, for example, the5-HT_(1D) and/or the 5-HT_(1B) receptor, without agonizing the 5-HT_(2B)receptor using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein. In stillother embodiments, provided herein are methods of antagonizing orinhibiting activity at receptors such as, for example, the adrenergicalpha_(2A) and/or the alpha_(2B) receptors using the compounds andcompositions disclosed herein. In still other embodiments, providedherein are methods of agonizing dopaminergic D₂ receptors and/orantagonizing or inhibiting activity of receptors such as the 5-HT₂receptors using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein.

BACKGROUND

Iso-ergolines such as, for example, lisuride are established therapeuticagents for the treatment of migraine. More recently, a number of highlyselective agents for the treatment of migraine which have high5-HT_(1D): 5-HT_(1B) binding ratios have been prepared, such as, forexample, the alkyltryptamine derivatives (125-fold selectivity, Slassi,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10: 1707-1709, (2000)), the indole series(300-fold selectivity, Castro, J. Med. Chem. 41: 2667 (1998)) and fromthe non-indole series (>6000 fold selectivity, Ennis, J. Med. Chem. 41:2180 (1998)). However, strong agonism of 5-HT_(1B) by migrainetherapeutics such as, for example, sumatriptan (Phebus, Cephalalgia 17:245 (1997)) frequently leads to adverse cardiovascular effects due toexcessive vasoconstriction. Accordingly, an effective migraine agentshould be selective for the 5-HT_(1D) receptor over the 5-HT_(1B)receptor, but with moderate agonism of the 5-HT_(1B) receptor tominimize non-cranial vasoconstriction. Antagonism of adrenergicreceptors, such as, for example, alpha_(1A), alpha_(1D), alpha_(2A),alpha_(2B) and alpha_(2C) by migraine therapeutics can reducevasoconstriction caused by strong 5-HT_(1B)agonism. Additionally, formigraine prophylaxis, some compounds used for this indication exhibit5-HT_(1A) agonistic activity. In some embodiments, it may beadvantageous for the agent to have 5-HT_(1A) agonist activity.

Agonism of dopamine receptors is highly unfavorable for anti-migrainecompounds since nausea is a classic dopaminergic (activation of dopaminereceptors) symptom, which is already an indication of migraine itself.Yet another problem with many migraine derivatives is undesirableagonism of 5-HT_(2B) receptors which is associated with cardiac andnon-cardiac fibrosis, including cardiovascular valvulopathy (Rothman,Circulation 102: 2836 (2000)). Conversely, antagonism of 5-HT_(2B)receptors may offer therapeutic advantages in the treatment and/orprevention of migraine (Schaerlinger, Br. J. Pharmacol. 140(2): 277-84,(2003)).

Accordingly, there is a continuing need for less toxic compounds totreat and/or prevent disorders such as, for example, migraine, whichselectively agonize 5-HT_(1D) receptors over 5-HT_(1B) receptors withmoderated 5-HT_(1B) receptor agonism, have low dopamine receptor agonismand are 5-HT_(2B) and adrenergic receptor antagonists. Furthermore,isoergolines, such as lisuride, for example, have the drawback ofrequiring frequent dosing which can lead to poor compliance andassociated deficient disease control. Accordingly, there is also a needfor compounds with greater circulating half life in the body to be usedin treatment or prevention of disorders such as, for example, migraine.

Iso-ergolines, including lisuride, have also been established aseffective anti-Parkinson's agents due to their agonist activities ondopaminergic and serotonin receptors. Typically, an idealanti-Parkinson's agent will be a selective agonist for the dopaminergicD₂ receptor. Weak to modest agonist activity on the serotonin 5-HT_(1B)and/or 5-HT_(1D) receptors is also desirable. Studies have also shownthat 5-HT2 receptor antagonism may also be desirable for treatment ofParkinson's disease symptoms and/or for the reduction of undesirableside-effects such as cardiac or non-cardiac fibrosis and psychiatricside-effects (Newman-Tancredi et al., J. Pharmacology and ExperimentalTherapies 303(2): 815 (2002)). Depending on the treatment regimen,anti-Parkinson's agents may have a relatively short half-life (i.e., 1-5hours) or a longer half-life (i.e., 20 hours or longer). Accordingly,there is a continuing need for less toxic and/or more effectivecompounds to treat and/or prevent disorders or symptoms associated withdisorders such as, for example, Parkinson's disease.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are novel neuromodulatory compounds which address theseand other needs. In one aspect, the novel neuromodulatory compoundsdescribed herein include compounds of Formula (I) or (II):

or ion pairs, metabolites, polymorphs, salts, hydrates or solvatesthereof, wherein:

R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄)alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms;

R₂ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, halo,heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, —NO₂, —N₃, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀,—OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇;

R₃ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, (C₁-C₄) substituted alkyl, (C₁-C₄) alkylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms; arylalkyl or substitutedarylalkyl;

R₄ and R₅ are independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms,heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl or R⁴ and R⁵ together with thenitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cycloheteroalkyl orsubstituted cycloheteroalkyl ring;

R₁₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃) alkyl or (C₁-C₃) alkyl substituted with one ormore fluorine atoms;

R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, substitutedheteroarylalkyl or —S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈;

R₁₀₀-R₁₀₈ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl,substituted acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl;

m and k are independently 0, 1 or 2; and

n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

provided that at least one of R₄ or R₅ is substituted with fluorineunless R⁴ and R⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring.

Also provided are derivatives, including salts, esters, enol ethers,enol esters, solvates, hydrates and prodrugs of the compounds describedherein. Further provided are compositions which include the compoundsprovided herein and a vehicle.

Methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating symptoms of medicaldisorders such as, for example, migraine, ALS, Parkinson's disease,extra-pyramidal disorders, depression, nausea, restless legs syndrome,insomnia, aggression, Huntington's disease, dystonia, parsomnia andhyperlactinemia are also provided herein. In practicing the methods,therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds or compositionsthereof are administered to a subject.

Methods of antagonizing receptors such as, for example 5-HT_(2B),adrenergic receptors suchas, for example, alpha_(1A), alpha_(1D),alpha_(2A), alpha_(2B) and alpha_(2C) with the compounds andcompositions described herein are also provided herein. Methods ofagonizing dopaminergic D2 receptors and/or antagonizing or inhibitingactivity of receptors such as the 5-HT₂ receptors using the compoundsand compositions disclosed herein are also provided. In practicing themethods, therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds orcompositions are administered.

Methods of agonizing receptors such as, for example, 5-HT_(1D) and5-HT_(1B), receptors with the compounds and compositions describedherein are also provided herein. In some embodiments, methods ofselectively agonizing the 5-HT_(1D) receptor over the 5-HT_(1B) receptorare provided. In other embodiments, methods of reducing agonism ofdopamine receptors when compared to agonism of dopamine receptors byother ergolines, such as, for example, dihydroergotamine, an existinganti-migraine agent or other anti-migraine agents from other compoundclasses, or with the compounds and compositions described herein arealso provided herein. In some embodiments, methods for selectivelyagonizing dopaminergic D₂ receptors (over other dopaminergic receptors)are provided. In other embodiments, methods of antagonizing orinhibiting activity of the 5-HT₂ receptors are also provided. In otherembodiments, methods for both selectively agonizing dopaminergic D₂receptors and antagonizing 5-HT₂ receptors at the same time areprovided. Such methods and compounds may be desirable as agents fortreating one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease. In practicing themethods, therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds orcompositions are administered.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. In the event that there is aplurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this sectionprevail unless stated otherwise.

“Alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to asaturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalenthydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from asingle carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. Typical alkylgroups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl,ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl,cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl, prop-1-yn-1-yl,prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl,2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl,but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl,but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl,cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl,but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like. Theterm “alkyl” is specifically intended to include groups having anydegree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively singlecarbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbonbonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groupshaving mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Wherea specific level of saturation is intended, the expressions “alkanyl,”“alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” are used. In some embodiments, an alkyl groupcomprises from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (C₁-C₂₀ alkyl). In otherembodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (C₁-C₁₀alkyl). In still other embodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 6carbon atoms (C₁-C₆ alkyl).

“Alkanyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to asaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical derived bythe removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parentalkane. Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to,methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl(isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etc.; butanyls such as butan-1-yl,butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl (isobutyl),2-methyl-propan-2-yl (t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkenyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene. The groupmay be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s).Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl;propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl;butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl,but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl,buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl,cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkynyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne. Typicalalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls suchas prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl,but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Acyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—C(O)R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,substituted heteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkylas defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limitedto formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl,benzoyl, benzylcarbonyl and the like.

“Aryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to amonovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ringsystem, as defined herein. Typical aryl groups include, but are notlimited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene,acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene,fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexylene, as-indacene,s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene,ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene,phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene,rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene and the like. In someembodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (C₆-C₂₀aryl). In other embodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 15 carbonatoms (C₆-C₁₅ aryl). In still other embodiments, an aryl group comprisesfrom 6 to 15 carbon atoms (C₆-C₁₀ aryl).

“Arylalkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to anacyclic alkyl group in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp^(a) carbon atom, is replacedwith an aryl group as, as defined herein. Typical arylalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl,2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl,2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and thelike. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, the nomenclaturearylalkanyl, arylalkenyl and/or arylalkynyl is used. In someembodiments, an arylalkyl group is (C₆-C₃₀) arylalkyl, e.g., thealkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₁₀)alkyl and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₂₀) aryl. In other embodiments, anarylalkyl group is (C₆-C₂₀) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₈) alkyl and the arylmoiety is (C₆-C₁₂) aryl. In still other embodiments, an arylalkyl groupis (C₆-C₁₅) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety ofthe arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₅) alkyl and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₁₀)aryl.

“Compounds” refers to compounds encompassed by structural formulaedisclosed herein and includes any specific compounds within theseformulae whose structure is disclosed herein. Compounds may beidentified either by their chemical structure and/or chemical name. Whenthe chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemicalstructure is determinative of the identity of the compound. Thecompounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers and/ordouble bonds and therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such asdouble-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers ordiastereomers. Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted hereinencompass all possible enantiomers and stereoisomers of the illustratedcompounds including the stereoisomerically pure form (e.g.,geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure)and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures. Enantiomeric andstereoisomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomersor stereoisomers using separation techniques or chiral synthesistechniques well known to the skilled artisan. The compounds may alsoexist in several tautomeric forms including the enol form, the keto formand mixtures thereof. Accordingly, the chemical structures depictedherein encompass all possible tautomeric forms of the illustratedcompounds. The compounds described also include isotopically labeledcompounds where one or more atoms have an atomic mass different from theatomic mass conventionally found in nature. Examples of isotopes thatmay be incorporated into the compounds of the invention include, but arenot limited to, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O etc. Compounds may existin unsolvated or unhydrated forms as well as solvated forms, includinghydrated forms and as N-oxides. In general, compounds may be hydrated,solvated or N-oxides. Certain compounds may exist in multiplecrystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms areequivalent for the uses contemplated herein and are intended to bewithin the scope of the present invention. Further, it should beunderstood, when partial structures of the compounds are illustrated,that brackets indicate the point of attachment of the partial structureto the rest of the molecule.

“Heteroalkyl,” “Heteroalkanyl,” “Heteroalkenyl” and “Heteroalkynyl,” bythemselves or as part of other substituents, refer to alkyl, alkanyl,alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, in which one or more of thecarbon atoms (and optionally any associated hydrogen atoms), are each,independently of one another, replaced with the same or differentheteroatoms or heteroatomic groups. Typical heteroatoms or heteroatomicgroups which can replace the carbon atoms include, but are not limitedto, —O—, —S—, —N—, —Si—, —NH—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S (O)NH—, —S(O)₂NH— andthe like and combinations thereof. The heteroatoms or heteroatomicgroups may be placed at any interior position of the alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl groups. Typical heteroatomic groups which can be included inthese groups include, but are not limited to, —O—, —S—, —O—O—, —S—S—,—O—S—, —NR⁵⁰¹R⁵⁰², ═N—N═, —N═N—, —N═N—NR⁵⁰³R⁴⁰⁴, —PR⁵⁰⁵—, —P(O)₂—,—POR⁵⁰⁶—, —O—P(O)₂—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —SnR⁵⁰⁷R⁵⁰⁸— and the like, where R⁵⁰¹,R⁵⁰², R⁵⁰³, R⁵⁰⁴, R⁵⁰⁵, R⁵⁰⁶, R⁵⁰⁷ and R⁵⁰⁸ are independently hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substitutedheteroarylalkyl.

“Heteroaryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to amonovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogenatom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring systems, asdefined herein. Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limitedto, groups derived from acridine, β-carboline, chromane, chromene,cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine,isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline,isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine,phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine,purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine,pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline,tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and thelike. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 20ring atoms (5-20 membered heteroaryl). In other embodiments, theheteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 10 ring atoms (5-10 memberedheteroaryl). Exemplary heteroaryl groups include those derived fromfuran, thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzimidazole,indole, pyridine, pyrazole, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole andpyrazine.

“Heteroarylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toan acyclic alkyl group in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp^(a) carbon atom, is replacedwith a heteroaryl group. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, thenomenclature heteroarylalkanyl, heteroarylakenyl and/orheteroarylalkynyl is used. In some embodiments, the heteroarylalkylgroup is a 6-21 membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the heteroarylalkyl is (C₁-C₆) alkyl and theheteroaryl moiety is a 5-15-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments,the heteroarylalkyl is a 6-13 membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., thealkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety is (C₁-C₃) alkyl and the heteroarylmoiety is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

“Hydrates” refers to incorporation of water into to the crystal latticeof a compound described herein, in stoichiometric proportions, resultingin the formation of an adduct. Methods of making hydrates include, butare not limited to, storage in an atmosphere containing water vapor,dosage forms that include water, or routine pharmaceutical processingsteps such as, for example, crystallization (i.e., from water or mixedaqueous solvents), lyophilization, wet granulation, aqueous filmcoating, or spray drying. Hydrates may also be formed, under certaincircumstances, from crystalline solvates upon exposure to water vapor,or upon suspension of the anhydrous material in water. Hydrates may alsocrystallize in more than one form resulting in hydrate polymorphism. Seee.g., (Guillory, K., Chapter 5, pp. 202-205 in Polymorphism inPharmaceutical Solids, (Brittain, H. ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., NewYork, N.Y., 1999). The above methods for preparing hydrates are wellwithin the ambit of those of skill in the art, are completelyconventional and do not require any experimentation beyond what istypical in the art. Hydrates may be characterized and/or analyzed bymethods well known to those of skill in the art such as, for example,single crystal X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray powder diffraction, Polarizingoptical microscopy, thermal microscopy, thermogravimetry, differentialthermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, IR spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy.(Brittain, H., Chapter 6, pp.205-208 in Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids, (Brittain, H. ed.),Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1999). In addition, many commercialcompanies routine offer services that include preparation and/orcharacterization of hydrates such as, for example, HOLODIAG, PharmaparcII, Voie de l'Innovation, 27 100 Val de Reuil, France(http://www.holodiag.com).

“Parent Aromatic Ring System” refers to an unsaturated cyclic orpolycyclic ring system having a conjugated π electron system.Specifically included within the definition of “parent aromatic ringsystem” are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings arearomatic and one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, suchas, for example, fluorene, indane, indene, phenalene, etc. Typicalparent aromatic ring systems include, but are not limited to,aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene,benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene,hexaphene, hexylene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene,naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene,pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene,picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene,trinaphthalene and the like.

“Parent Heteroaromatic Ring System” refers to a parent aromatic ringsystem in which one or more carbon atoms (and optionally any associatedhydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same ordifferent heteroatom. Typical heteroatoms to replace the carbon atomsinclude, but are not limited to, N, P, O, B, S, Si, etc. Specificallyincluded within the definition of “parent heteroaromatic ring system”are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings are aromaticand one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, such as, forexample, benzodioxan, benzofuran, chromane, chromene, indole, indoline,xanthene, etc. Typical parent heteroaromatic ring systems include, butare not limited to, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane,chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline,indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline,isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole,oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine,phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine,pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline,quinolizine, quinoxaline, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene,triazole, xanthene and the like.

“Preventing” or “prevention” refers to a reduction in risk of acquiringa disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinicalsymptoms of the disease not to develop in a patient that may be exposedto or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or displaysymptoms of the disease). In some embodiments, “preventing” or“prevention” refers to reducing symptoms of the disease by taking thecompound in a preventative fashion. The application of a therapeutic forpreventing or prevention of a disease of disorder is known as‘prophylaxis.’ In some embodiments, the compounds provided hereinprovide superior prophylaxis because of lower long term side effectsover long time periods.

“Prodrug” refers to a derivative of a drug molecule that requires atransformation within the body to release the active drug. Prodrugs arefrequently (though not necessarily) pharmacologically inactive untilconverted to the parent drug.

“Promoiety” refers to a form of protecting group that when used to maska functional group within a drug molecule converts the drug into aprodrug. Typically, the promoiety will be attached to the drug viabond(s) that are cleaved by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means in vivo.

“Salt” refers to a salt of a compound, which possesses the desiredpharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include: (1)acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloricacid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, andthe like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionicacid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvicacid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid,fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid,2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid,4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid,3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid,lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoicacid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2)salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound isreplaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earthion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such asethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and thelike.

“Solvates” refers to incorporation of solvents into to the crystallattice of a compound described herein, in stoichiometric proportions,resulting in the formation of an adduct. Methods of making solvatesinclude, but are not limited to, storage in an atmosphere containing asolvent, dosage forms that include the solvent, or routinepharmaceutical processing steps such as, for example, crystallization(i.e., from solvent or mixed solvents) vapor diffusion, etc. Solvatesmay also be formed, under certain circumstances, from other crystallinesolvates or hydrates upon exposure to the solvent or upon suspensionmaterial in solvent. Solvates may crystallize in more than one formresulting in solvate polymorphism. See e.g., (Guillory, K., Chapter 5,pp. 205-208 in Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids, (Brittain, H.ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1999)). The above methods forpreparing solvates are well within the ambit of those of skill in theart, are completely conventional do not require any experimentationbeyond what is typical in the art. Solvates may be characterized and/oranalyzed by methods well known to those of skill in the art such as, forexample, single crystal X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray powder diffraction,Polarizing optical microscopy, thermal microscopy, thermogravimetry,differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, IRspectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy.(Brittain, H.,Chapter 6, pp. 205-208 in Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids,(Brittain, H. ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1999). In addition,many commercial companies routine offer services that includepreparation and/or characterization of solvates such as, for example,HOLODIAG, Pharmaparc II, Voie de l'Innovation, 27 100 Val de Reuil,France (http://www.holodiag.com).

“Substituted,” when used to modify a specified group or radical, meansthat one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical areeach, independently of one another, replaced with the same or differentsubstituent(s). Substituent groups useful for substituting saturatedcarbon atoms in the specified group or radical include, but are notlimited to —R^(a), halo, —O⁻, ═O, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, ═S,—NR^(c)R^(c), ═NR^(b), ═N—OR^(b), trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN,—NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂NR^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OR^(b),—OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻, —OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻),—P(O)(OR^(b))(OR^(b)), —C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b), —C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)O⁻,—C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c),—OC(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b), —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OR^(b), —OC(S)OR^(b),—NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)O⁻, —NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b),—NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a) is selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl; each R^(b) is independentlyhydrogen or R^(a); and each R^(c) is independently R^(b) oralternatively, the two R^(c)s are taken together with the nitrogen atomto which they are bonded form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-memberedcycloheteroalkyl which may optionally include from 1 to 4 of the same ordifferent additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofO, N and S. As specific examples, —NR^(c)R^(c) is meant to include —NH₂,—NH-alkyl, N-pyrrolidinyl and N-morpholinyl.

Similarly, substituent groups useful for substituting unsaturated carbonatoms in the specified group or radical include, but are not limited to,—R^(a), halo, —O⁻, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, —NR^(c)R^(c), trihalomethyl,—CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻,—S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻, —OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂,—P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻), —P(O)(OR^(b)) (OR^(b)), —C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b),—C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)O⁻, —C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —OC(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b), —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OR^(b),—OC(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)O⁻,—NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a),R^(b) and R^(c) are as previously defined.

Substituent groups useful for substituting nitrogen atoms in heteroalkyland cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(a),—O⁻, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, —NR^(c)R^(c), trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —NO,—NO₂, —S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻,—OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻), —P(O)(OR^(b))(OR^(b)),—C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b), —C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b),—C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —OC(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b),—OC(O)OR^(b), —OC(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b),—NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a),R^(b) and R^(c) are as previously defined.

Substituent groups from the above lists useful for substituting otherspecified groups or atoms will be apparent to those of skill in the art.The substituents used to substitute a specified group can be furthersubstituted, typically with one or more of the same or different groupsselected from the various groups specified above.

“Subject,” “individual” or “patient” is used interchangeably herein andrefers to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal. Mammals include, but arenot limited to, murines, rodents, simians, humans, farm animals, sportanimals and pets.

“Treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers, in someembodiments, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., arresting orreducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinicalsymptoms thereof,). Treatment can also refer to the lessening of theseverity and/or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease ordisorder. Treatment may also be considered to include preemptive orprophylactic administration to ameliorate, arrest or prevent thedevelopment of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms. Ina further feature the treatment rendered has lower potential forlong-term side effects over multiple years. In other embodiments“treating” or “treatment” refers to ameliorating at least one physicalparameter, which may not be discernible by the patient. In yet otherembodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers to inhibiting the diseaseor disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discerniblesymptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter)or both. In yet other embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers todelaying the onset of the disease or disorder.

“Therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that,when administered to a patient for treating a disease, is sufficient toeffect such treatment for the disease. The “therapeutically effectiveamount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and itsseverity and the age, weight, adsorption, distribution, metabolism andexcretion etc., of the patient to be treated.

“Vehicle” refers to a diluent, excipient or carrier with which acompound is administered to a subject.

Compounds

Provided herein are novel neuromodulatory compounds of Formula (I) or(II):

or ion pairs, metabolites, polymorphs, salts, hydrates or solvatesthereof, wherein:

R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄)alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms;

R₂ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, halo,heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, —NO₂, —N₃, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀,—OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇;

R₃ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, (C₁-C₄) substituted alkyl, (C₁-C₄) alkylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms; arylalkyl or substitutedarylalkyl;

R₄ and R₅ are independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms,heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl or R₄ and R₅ together with thenitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cycloheteroalkyl orsubstituted cycloheteroalkyl ring;

R₁₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃) alkyl or (C₁-C₃) alkyl substituted with one ormore fluorine atoms;

R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, substitutedheteroarylalkyl or —S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈;

R₁₀₀-R₁₀₈ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl,substituted acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl;

m and k are independently 0, 1 or 2; and

n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

provided that at least one of R₄ or R₅ is substituted with fluorineunless R⁴ and R⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring.

In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are not both —CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms. In other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.In still other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or methyl substitutedwith one or more fluorine atoms. In still other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen or methyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. In stillother embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R₂ is alkyl, acyl, halo, —NO₂, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀,—OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇. In otherembodiments, R₂ is alkyl, acyl, halo, —NO₂, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀, —OR₁₀₁,—NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇ and n is 1. In stillother embodiments, R₂ is alkyl, halo or —OR₁₀₁ and n is 1. In stillother embodiments, n is 0.

In some embodiments, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl. In otherembodiments, R₃ is hydrogen, methyl or allyl. In still otherembodiments, R₃ is methyl. In still other embodiments, R₃ is allyl.

In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with oneor more fluorine atoms. In other embodiments, R₄ and R₅ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cycloheteroalkyl orsubstituted cycloheteroalkyl ring. In still other embodiments, R₄ and R₅together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form acycloheteroalkyl ring substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. Instill other embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are independently (C₁-C₄) alkylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms. In still other embodiments,R₄ and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms. In other embodiments, R₁₁ is —CF₃. In still other embodiments,R₁₁ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, or—S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈.

In some embodiments, R₁₀₀-R₁₀₈ are independently hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, aryl, substituted aryl,arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl. In other embodiments, R₁₀₀-R₁₀₈ areindependently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are independently (C₁-C₄) alkyl or(C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, R₁₁ is methylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen oralkyl. In other embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃,—CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl. In still other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms,R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl and R₁₁ is methyl substituted with oneor more fluorine atoms.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms, R₂ is alkyl, acyl, halo,—NO₂, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀, —OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or—O₂CR₁₀₇, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently(C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms and R₁₂is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl or —S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈. In otherembodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substitutedwith one or more fluorine atoms, R₂ is alkyl, acyl, halo, —NO₂, —OH,—S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀, —OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇,R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently —CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or morefluorine atoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl or—S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈. In still other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkylor (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, R₂ isalkyl, acyl, halo, —NO₂, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀, —OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃,CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄and R₅ are independently (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, R₁₁ is hydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl or —S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈. In still other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or morefluorine atoms, R₂ is alkyl, acyl, halo, —NO₂, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀,—OR₁₀₁, —NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇, R₃ is hydrogenor (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or—CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ is hydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkylor —S(O)_(m)R₁₀₅.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, n is 0, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄and R₅ are independently (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or morefluorine atoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, nis 0, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently(C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms, R₁₁ is hydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, n is 0, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃) alkyl, R₄and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ ismethyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, R₁₁ is methylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen oralkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substitutedwith one or more fluorine atoms, n is 0, R₃ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)alkyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃,R₁₁ is hydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or methyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, R₂ is alkyl, halo, —OR₁₀₁, n is 1, R₃ ishydrogen, methyl or allyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently (C₁-C₄) alkyl orC₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, R₁₁ is methylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen oralkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or methylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms, R₂ is alkyl, halo, —OR₁₀₁,n is 1, R₃ is hydrogen, methyl or allyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently(C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms, R₁₁ is hydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or methyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, R₂ is alkyl, halo, —OR₁₀₁, n is 1, R₃ ishydrogen, methyl or allyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃,—CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen, methyl or methyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms,R₂ is alkyl, halo, —OR₁₀₁, n is 1, R₃ is hydrogen, methyl or allyl, R₄and R₅ are independently —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ ishydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl. In still other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen, methyl or methyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms,n is 0, R₃ is hydrogen, methyl or allyl, R₄ and R₅ are independently(C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorineatoms, R₁₁ is methyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms and R₁₂is hydrogen or alkyl. In still other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methylor methyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, n is 0, R₃ ishydrogen, methyl or allyl, —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ ismethyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms and R₁₂ is hydrogenor alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or methyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, n is 0, R₃ is hydrogen, methyl or allyl, R₄and R₅ are independently (C₁-C₄) alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted withone or more fluorine atoms, R₁₁ is hydrogen and R₁₂ is hydrogen oralkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or methylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms, n is 0, R₃ is hydrogen,methyl or allyl, —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃, R₁₁ is hydrogen andR₁₂ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In many of the above embodiments, R₁₁ is —CF₃.

In some embodiments, compounds having the structure:

are provided. In other embodiments, compounds having the structure:

are provided.

In some embodiments, compounds having the structure:

are provided. In other embodiments, compounds having the structure:

are provided.

Exemplary methods for the preparation of compounds of Formula (I) and(II) for use in the compositions and methods provided herein aredescribed below and in the Examples but other methods known in the artcan be used to prepare the novel neuromodulatorycompounds disclosedherein.

In some embodiments, direct functionalization of 2-unsubstituted analogsof compounds of Formula (I) and (II) (e.g., compounds of Formula (III)and (IV)), for example, with an alkyl halide under basic conditions canbe used to provide the compounds of Formula (I) and (II) when R₁₁ is nothydrogen.

In other embodiments, amines (V) and (VI) which can be prepared bymethods well known to those of skill in the art can be used providecompounds of Formulas (I) and (II).

Many methods exist for conversion of amines (IV) and (V) to compounds ofFormulas (I) and (II), respectively. Accordingly, preparation of (I) and(II) from carboxylic acids (I) and (II) are well within the ambit of theskilled artisan.

Compositions and Methods of Administration

The compositions provided herein contain therapeutically effectiveamounts of one or more of the compounds provided herein that are usefulin the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of one or more of thesymptoms of diseases or disorders described herein and a vehicle.Vehicles suitable for administration of the compounds provided hereininclude any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to besuitable for the particular mode of administration.

In addition, the compounds may be formulated as the sole activeingredient in the composition or may be combined with other activeingredients.

The compositions contain one or more compounds provided herein. Thecompounds are, in some embodiments, formulated into suitablepreparations such as solutions, suspensions, tablets, dispersibletablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations orelixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutions or suspensionsfor parenteral administration, as well as topical administration,transdermal administration and oral inhalation via nebulizers,pressurized metered dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. In someembodiments, the compounds described above are formulated intocompositions using techniques and procedures well known in the art (see,e.g., Ansel Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Seventh Edition(1999).

In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compoundsor derivatives thereof is (are) mixed with a suitable vehicle. Thecompounds may be derivatized as the corresponding salts, esters, enolethers or esters, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, hemiacetals, hemiketals,acids, bases, solvates, ion-pairs, hydrates or prodrugs prior toformulation, as described above. The concentrations of the compounds inthe compositions are effective for delivery of an amount, uponadministration that treats, leads to prevention, or amelioration of oneor more of the symptoms of diseases or disorders described herein. Insome embodiments, the compositions are formulated for single dosageadministration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction of acompound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in aselected vehicle at an effective concentration such that the treatedcondition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms areameliorated.

The active compound is included in the vehicle in an amount sufficientto exert a therapeutically useful effect in the absence of undesirableside effects on the patient treated. The therapeutically effectiveconcentration may be predicted empirically by testing the compounds inin vitro and in vivo systems well known to those of skill in the art andthen extrapolated therefrom for dosages for humans. Human doses are thentypically fine-tuned in clinical trials and titrated to response.

The concentration of active compound in the composition will depend onabsorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the active compound, thephysicochemical characteristics of the compound, the dosage schedule,and amount administered as well as other factors known to those of skillin the art. For example, the amount that is delivered is sufficient toameliorate one or more of the symptoms of diseases or disorders asdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective dosage should produce aserum concentration of active ingredient of from about 0.001 ng/ml toabout 50-200 μg/ml. The compositions, in other embodiments, shouldprovide a dosage of from about 0.0001 mg to about 70 mg of compound perkilogram of body weight per day. Dosage unit forms are prepared toprovide from about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg or 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1000 mg or5000 mg, and in some embodiments from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of theactive ingredient or a combination of essential ingredients per dosageunit form.

The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be dividedinto a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time.It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is afunction of the disease being treated and may be determined empiricallyusing known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or invitro test data or subsequent clinical testing. It is to be noted thatconcentrations and dosage values may also vary with the severity of thecondition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted overtime according to the individual need and the professional judgment ofthe person administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions and that the concentration ranges set forth herein areexemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice ofthe claimed compositions.

In instances in which the compounds exhibit insufficient solubility,methods for solubilizing compounds may be used such as use of liposomes,prodrugs, complexation/chelation, nanoparticles, or emulsions ortertiary templating. Such methods are known to those of skill in thisart, and include, but are not limited to, using co-solvents, such asdimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants or surface modifiers, suchas TWEEN®, complexing agents such as cyclodextrin or dissolution byenhanced ionization (i.e. dissolving in aqueous sodium bicarbonate).Derivatives of the compounds, such as prodrugs of the compounds may alsobe used in formulating effective compositions.

Upon mixing or addition of the compound(s), the resulting mixture may bea solution, suspension, emulsion or the like. The form of the resultingmixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode ofadministration and the solubility of the compound in the selectedvehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating thesymptoms of the disease, disorder or condition treated and may beempirically determined.

The compositions are provided for administration to humans and animalsin indication appropriate dosage forms, such as dry powder inhalers(DPIs), pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), nebulizers, tablets,capsules, pills, sublingual tapes/bioerodible strips, tablets orcapsules, powders, granules, lozenges, lotions, salves, suppositories,fast melts, transdermal patches or other transdermal applicationdevices/preparations, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, andoral solutions or suspensions, and oil-water emulsions containingsuitable quantities of the compounds or derivatives thereof. Thetherapeutically active compounds and derivatives thereof are, in someembodiments, formulated and administered in unit-dosage forms ormultiple-dosage forms. Unit-dose forms as used herein refer tophysically discrete units suitable for human and animal subjects andpackaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains apredetermined quantity of the therapeutically active compound sufficientto produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with therequired vehicle. Examples of unit-dose forms include ampoules andsyringes and individually packaged tablets or capsules.

Unit-dose forms may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. Amultiple-dose form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage formspackaged in a single container to be administered in segregatedunit-dose form. Examples of multiple-dose forms include vials, bottlesof tablets or capsules or bottles of pints or gallons. Hence, multipledose form is a multiple of unit-doses which are not segregated inpackaging.

Liquid compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving,dispersing, or otherwise mixing an active compound as defined above andoptional adjuvants in a vehicle, such as, for example, water, saline,aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to therebyform a solution or suspension, colloidal dispersion, emulsion orliposomal formulation. If desired, the composition to be administeredmay also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such aswetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH bufferingagents and the like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrinderivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate,triethanolamineoleate, and other such agents.

Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will beapparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 15thEdition, 1975 or later editions thereof.

Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the rangeof 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from vehicle or carrier maybe prepared. Methods for preparation of these compositions are known tothose skilled in the art. The contemplated compositions may contain0.001%-400% active ingredient, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in anotherembodiment 0.4-10%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are lactose-free compositionscontaining excipients that are well known in the art and are listed, forexample, in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) 25-NF20 (2002). In general,lactose-free compositions contains active ingredients, a binder/filler,and a lubricant in compatible amounts. Particular lactose-free dosageforms contain active ingredients, microcrystalline cellulose,pre-gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.

Further provided are anhydrous compositions and dosage forms comprisingactive ingredients, since water can facilitate the degradation of somecompounds. For example, the addition of water (e.g., 5%) is widelyaccepted as a means of simulating long-term storage in order todetermine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability offormulations over time. See, e.g., Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability:Principles & Practice, 2d. Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1995, pp.379-80. In effect, water and heat accelerate the decomposition of somecompounds. Thus, the effect of water on a formulation can be of greatsignificance since moisture and/or humidity are commonly encounteredduring manufacture, handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use offormulations.

Anhydrous compositions and dosage forms provided herein can be preparedusing anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moistureor low humidity conditions.

An anhydrous composition should be prepared and stored such that itsanhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions aregenerally packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to watersuch that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples ofsuitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealedfoils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials), blister packs, andstrip packs.

Oral dosage forms are either solid, gel or liquid. The solid dosageforms are tablets, capsules, granules, and bulk powders. Types of oraltablets include compressed, chewable lozenges and tablets which may beenteric-coated, sugar-coated or film-coated. Capsules may be hard orsoft gelatin capsules, while granules and powders may be provided innon-effervescent or effervescent form with the combination of otheringredients known to those skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the formulations are solid dosage forms such asfor example, capsules or tablets. The tablets, pills, capsules, trochesand the like can contain one or more of the following ingredients, orcompounds of a similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; aglidant; a disintegrating agent; a coloring agent; a sweetening agent; aflavoring agent; a wetting agent; an enteric coating; a film coatingagent and modified release agent. Examples of binders includemicrocrystalline cellulose, methyl paraben, polyalkyleneoxides, gumtragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin solution,molasses, polyvinylpyrrolidine, povidone, crospovidones, sucrose andstarch and starch derivatives. Lubricants include talc, starch,magnesium/calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid. Diluentsinclude, for example, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, lysine, leucine,lecithin, starch, kaolin, salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate.Glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide.Disintegrating agents include crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starchglycolate, alginic acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite,methylcellulose, agar and carboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agentsinclude, for example, any of the approved certified water soluble FD andC dyes, mixtures thereof; and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended onalumina hydrate and advanced coloring or anti-forgery color/opalescentadditives known to those skilled in the art. Sweetening agents includesucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweetening agents such assaccharin, and any number of spray dried flavors. Flavoring agentsinclude natural flavors extracted from plants such as fruits andsynthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant sensation or maskunpleasant taste, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methylsalicylate. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate,sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylenelaural ether. Enteric-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes,shellac, ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Filmcoatings include hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate. Modified orsustained release agents include polymers such as the Eudragit® seriesand cellulose esters.

The compound, or derivative thereof, can be provided in a compositionthat protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach. Forexample, the composition can be formulated in an enteric coating thatmaintains its integrity in the stomach and releases the active compoundin the intestine. The composition may also be formulated in combinationwith an antacid or other such ingredient.

When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition tomaterial of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. Inaddition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials whichmodify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings ofsugar and other enteric agents. The compounds can also be administeredas a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, sprinkle, chewinggum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the activecompounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyesand colorings and flavors.

The active materials can also be mixed with other active materials whichdo not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement thedesired action, such as antacids, H₂ blockers, and diuretics. The activeingredient is a compound or derivative thereof as described herein.Higher concentrations, up to about 98% by weight of the activeingredient may be included.

In all embodiments, tablets and capsules formulations may be coated asknown by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustaindissolution of the active ingredient. Thus, for example, they may becoated with a conventional enterically digestible coating, such asphenylsalicylate, waxes and cellulose acetate phthalate.

Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions,suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted fromnon-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstitutedfrom effervescent granules. Aqueous solutions include, for example,elixirs and syrups. Emulsions are either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.

Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic preparations. Vehicles usedin elixirs include solvents. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutionsof a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may contain a preservative. Anemulsion is a two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in theform of small globules throughout another liquid. Carriers used inemulsions are non-aqueous liquids, emulsifying agents and preservatives.Suspensions use suspending agents and preservatives. Acceptablesubstances used in non-effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into aliquid oral dosage form, include diluents, sweeteners and wettingagents. Acceptable substances used in effervescent granules, to bereconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include organic acids anda source of carbon dioxide. Coloring and flavoring agents are used inall of the above dosage forms.

Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol and syrup. Examplesof preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoicacid, sodium benzoate and alcohol. Examples of non-aqueous liquidsutilized in emulsions include mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Examplesof emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite,and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Suspendingagents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, Veegumand acacia. Sweetening agents include sucrose, syrups, glycerin andartificial sweetening agents such as saccharin. Wetting agents includepropylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycolmonolaurate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Organic acids includecitric and tartaric acid. Sources of carbon dioxide include sodiumbicarbonate and sodium carbonate. Coloring agents include any of theapproved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, and mixtures thereof.Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants suchfruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant tastesensation.

For a solid dosage form, the solution or suspension, in for example,propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides, is in someembodiments encapsulated in a gelatin capsule. Such solutions, and thepreparation and encapsulation thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,328,245; 4,409,239; and 4,410,545. For a liquid dosage form, thesolution, e.g., for example, in a polyethylene glycol, may be dilutedwith a sufficient quantity of a liquid vehicle, e.g., water, to beeasily measured for administration.

Alternatively, liquid or semi-solid oral formulations may be prepared bydissolving or dispersing the active compound or salt in vegetable oils,glycols, triglycerides, propylene glycol esters (e.g., propylenecarbonate) and other such carriers, and encapsulating these solutions orsuspensions in hard or soft gelatin capsule shells. Other usefulformulations include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. RE28,819 and4,358,603. Briefly, such formulations include, but are not limited to,those containing a compound provided herein, a dialkylated mono- orpolyalkylene glycol, including, but not limited to, 1,2-dimethoxyethane,diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether,polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-750-dimethylether wherein 350, 550 and 750 refer to the approximate averagemolecular weight of the polyethylene glycol, and one or moreantioxidants, such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT),butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone,hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malicacid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, thiodipropionic acid and its esters,and dithiocarbamates.

Other formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous alcoholicsolutions including aacetal. Alcohols used in these formulations are anywater-miscible solvents having one or more hydroxyl groups, including,but not limited to, propylene glycol and ethanol. Acetals include, butare not limited to, di(lower alkyl)acetals of lower alkyl aldehydes suchas acetaldehyde diethyl acetal.

Parenteral administration, in some embodiments characterized byinjection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously isalso contemplated herein. Injectables can be prepared in conventionalforms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitablefor solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or asemulsions. The injectables, solutions and emulsions also contain one ormore excipients. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline,dextrose, glycerol or ethanol. In addition, if desired, the compositionsto be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliarysubstances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents,stabilizers, solubility enhancers, and other such agents, such as forexample, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamineoleate andcyclodextrins.

Implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system, such that aconstant level of dosage is maintained (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.3,710,795) is also contemplated herein. Briefly, a compound providedherein is dispersed in a solid inner matrix, e.g.,polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized orunplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticizedpolyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene,polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetatecopolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonatecopolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylicand methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol andcross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surroundedby an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers,ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers,polydimethylsiloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene,polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate,vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethyleneterephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinylalcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, andethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids.The compound diffuses through the outer polymeric membrane in a releaserate controlling step. The percentage of active compound contained insuch parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific naturethereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of thesubject.

Parenteral administration of the compositions includes intravenous,subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations. Preparations forparenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection,sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to becombined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets,sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble productsready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterileemulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.

If administered intravenously, suitable carriers include physiologicalsaline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containingthickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethyleneglycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

Vehicles used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles,nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers,antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents,emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents and othersubstances.

Examples of aqueous vehicles include Sodium Chloride Injection, RingersInjection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection,Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection. Nonaqueous parenteral vehiclesinclude fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesameoil and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic orfungistatic concentrations must be added to parenteral preparationspackaged in multiple-dose containers which include phenols or cresols,mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propylp-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride andbenzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride anddextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants includesodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride.Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifyingagents include Polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80). A sequestering or chelatingagent of metal ions includes EDTA. Carriers also include ethyl alcohol,polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles;and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid forpH adjustment.

The concentration of compound is adjusted so that an injection providesan effective amount to produce the desired pharmacological effect. Theexact dose depends on the age, weight, body surface area and conditionof the patient or animal as is known in the art.

The unit-dose parenteral preparations are packaged in an ampoule, a vialor a syringe with a needle. All preparations for parenteraladministration must be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.

Illustratively, intravenous or intraarterial infusion of a sterileaqueous solution containing an active compound is an effective mode ofadministration.

Another embodiment is a sterile aqueous or oily solution or suspensioncontaining an active material injected as necessary to produce thedesired pharmacological effect.

Injectables are designed for local and systemic administration. In someembodiments, a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to containa concentration of at least about 0.01% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more,in certain embodiments more than 0.1% w/w of the active compound to thetreated tissue(s).

The compound may be suspended in micronized or other suitable form ormay be derivatized to produce a more soluble active product or toproduce a prodrug. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon anumber of factors, including the intended mode of administration and thesolubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. Theeffective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms ofthe condition and may be empirically determined.

Active ingredients provided herein can be administered by controlledrelease means or by delivery devices that are well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to,those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809;3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548;5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; 5,639,480; 5,733,566; 5,739,108;5,891,474; 5,922,356; 5,972,891; 5,980,945; 5,993,855; 6,045,830;6,087,324; 6,113,943; 6,197,350; 6,248,363; 6,264,970; 6,267,981;6,376,461; 6,419,961; 6,589,548; 6,613,358; 6,699,500 and 6,740,634.Such dosage forms can be used to provide slow or controlled-release ofone or more active ingredients using, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmoticsystems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres,or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile invarying proportions. Suitable controlled-release formulations known tothose of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein,can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients providedherein.

All controlled-release products have a common goal of improving drugtherapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts.Ideally, the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparationin medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substancebeing employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount oftime. Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extendedactivity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patientcompliance. In addition, controlled-release formulations can be used toaffect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such asblood levels of the drug, and can thus affect the occurrence of side(e.g., adverse) effects.

Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially releasean amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desiredtherapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of otheramounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylacticeffect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain thisconstant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from thedosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug beingmetabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled-release of an activeingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but notlimited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiologicalconditions or compounds.

In certain embodiments, the agent may be administered using intravenousinfusion, an implantable osmotic pump, a transdermal patch, liposomes,or other modes of administration. In some embodiments, a pump may beused (see, Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwaldet al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574(1989)). In other embodiments, polymeric materials can be used. In otherembodiments, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity ofthe therapeutic target, i.e., thus requiring only a fraction of thesystemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, Medical Applications of ControlledRelease, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). In some embodiments, a controlledrelease device is introduced into a subject in proximity of the site ofinappropriate immune activation or a tumor. Other controlled releasesystems are discussed in the review by Langer (Science 249:1527-1533(1990)). The active ingredient can be dispersed in a solid inner matrix,e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized orunplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticizedpolyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene,polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetatecopolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonatecopolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylicand methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol andcross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surroundedby an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers,ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers,polydimethylsiloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene,polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate,vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethyleneterephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinylalcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, andethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids.The active ingredient then diffuses through the outer polymeric membranein a release rate controlling step. The percentage of active ingredientcontained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on thespecific nature thereof, as well as the needs of the subject.

Of interest herein are also lyophilized powders, which can bereconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions and othermixtures. They may also be reconstituted and formulated as solids orgels.

The sterile, lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving a compoundprovided herein, or a derivative thereof, in a suitable solvent. Thesolvent may contain an excipient which improves the stability or otherpharmacological component of the powder or reconstituted solution,prepared from the powder. Excipients that may be used include, but arenot limited to, an antioxidant, a buffer and a bulking agent. In someembodiments, the excipient is selected from dextrose, sorbital,fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose and othersuitable agent. The solvent may contain a buffer, such as citrate,sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known to those ofskill in the art at, at about neutral pH. Subsequent sterile filtrationof the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditionsknown to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation. Insome embodiments, the resulting solution will be apportioned into vialsfor lyophilization. Each vial will contain a single dosage or multipledosages of the compound. The lyophilized powder can be stored underappropriate conditions, such as at about 4° C. to room temperature.

Reconstitution of this lyophilized powder with water for injectionprovides a formulation for use in parenteral administration. Forreconstitution, the lyophilized powder is added to sterile water orother suitable carrier. The precise amount depends upon the selectedcompound. Such amount can be empirically determined.

Topical mixtures are prepared as described for the local and systemicadministration. The resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension,emulsions or the like and are formulated as creams, gels, ointments,emulsions, solutions, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes,foams, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermalpatches or any other formulations suitable for topical administration.

The compounds or derivatives thereof may be formulated as aerosols fortopical application, such as by inhalation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,044,126, 4,414,209, and 4,364,923, which describe aerosols fordelivery of a steroid useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases,particularly asthma). These formulations for administration to therespiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for anebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or incombination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case, theparticles of the formulation will, in some embodiments, have mass mediangeometric diameters of less than 5 microns, in other embodiments lessthan 10 microns.

Oral inhalation formulations of the compounds or derivatives suitablefor inhalation include metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers andliquid preparations for administration from a nebulizer or metered doseliquid dispensing system. For both metered dose inhalers and dry powderinhalers, a crystalline form of the compounds or derivatives is thepreferred physical form of the drug to confer longer product stability.

In addition to particle size reduction methods known to those skilled inthe art, crystalline particles of the compounds or derivatives can begenerated using supercritical fluid processing which offers significantadvantages in the production of such particles for inhalation deliveryby producing respirable particles of the desired size in a single step.(e.g., International Publication No. WO2005/025506). A controlledparticle size for the microcrystals can be selected to ensure that asignificant fraction of the compounds or derivatives is deposited in thelung. In some embodiments, these particles have a mass medianaerodynamic diameter of about 0.1 to about 10 microns, in otherembodiments, about 1 to about 5 microns and still other embodiments,about 1.2 to about 3. microns.

Inert and non-flammable HFA propellants are selected from HFA 134a(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and HFA 227e(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) and provided either alone or as aratio to match the density of crystal particles of the compounds orderivatives. A ratio is also selected to ensure that the productsuspension avoids detrimental sedimentation or cream (which canprecipitate irreversible agglomeration) and instead promote a looselyflocculated system, which is easily dispersed when shaken. Looselyfluctuated systems are well regarded to provide optimal stability forpMDI canisters. As a result of the formulation's properties, theformulation contained no ethanol and no surfactants/stabilizing agents.

The formulation of the compounds or derivatives can be administered topatients using TEMPO® (MAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mountain View,Calif.), a novel breath activated metered dose inhaler. TEMPO® overcomesthe variability associated with standard pressurized metered doseinhalers (pMDI), and achieves consistent delivery of drug to the lungperiphery where it can be systemically absorbed. To do so, TEMPO®incorporates four novel features: 1) breath synchronous trigger—can beadjusted for different drugs and target populations to deliver the drugat a specific part of the inspiratory cycle, 2) plume control—animpinging jet to slow down the aerosol plume within the actuator, 3)vortexing chamber—consisting of porous wall, which provides an aircushion to keep the slowed aerosol plume suspended and air inlets on theback wall which drive the slowed aerosol plume into a vortex pattern,maintaining the aerosol in suspension and allowing the particle size toreduce as the HFA propellant evaporates, and 4) dose counter—willdetermine the doses remaining and prevent more than the intended maximumdose to be administered from any one canister.

The compounds may be formulated for local or topical application, suchas for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as inthe eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application tothe eye or for intracisternal or intraspinal application. Topicaladministration is contemplated for transdermal delivery and also foradministration to the eyes or mucosa, or for inhalation therapies. Nasalsolutions of the active compound alone or in combination with otherexcipients can also be administered.

For nasal administration, the preparation may contain an esterifiedphosphonate compound dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier, inparticular, an aqueous carrier, for aerosol application. The carrier maycontain solubilizing or suspending agents such as propylene glycol,surfactants, absorption enhancers such as lecithin or cyclodextrin, orpreservatives.

Solutions, particularly those intended for ophthalmic use, may beformulated as 0.01%-10% isotonic solutions, pH about 5-7.4, withappropriate salts.

Other routes of administration, such as transdermal patches, includingiontophoretic and electrophoretic devices, and rectal administration,are also contemplated herein.

Transdermal patches, including iotophoretic and electrophoretic devices,are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, such patchesare disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,267,983, 6,261,595, 6,256,533,6,167,301, 6,024,975, 6,010715, 5,985,317, 5,983,134, 5,948,433 and5,860,957.

For example, dosage forms for rectal administration are rectalsuppositories, capsules and tablets for systemic effect. Rectalsuppositories are used herein mean solid bodies for insertion into therectum which melt or soften at body temperature releasing one or morepharmacologically or therapeutically active ingredients. Substancesutilized in rectal suppositories are bases or vehicles and agents toraise the melting point. Examples of bases include cocoa butter(theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol) andappropriate mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of fatty acids.Combinations of the various bases may be used. Agents to raise themelting point of suppositories include spermaceti and wax. Rectalsuppositories may be prepared either by the compressed method or bymolding. The weight of a rectal suppository, in one embodiment, is about2 to 3 gm. Tablets and capsules for rectal administration aremanufactured using the same substance and by the same methods as forformulations for oral administration.

The compounds provided herein, or derivatives thereof, may also beformulated to be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or otherarea of the body of the subject to be treated. Many such targetingmethods are well known to those of skill in the art. All such targetingmethods are contemplated herein for use in the instant compositions. Fornon-limiting examples of targeting methods, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.6,316,652, 6,274,552, 6,271,359, 6,253,872, 6,139,865, 6,131,570,6,120,751, 6,071,495, 6,060,082, 6,048,736, 6,039,975, 6,004,534,5,985,307, 5,972,366, 5,900,252, 5,840,674, 5,759,542 and 5,709,874.

In some embodiments, liposomal suspensions, including tissue-targetedliposomes, such as tumor-targeted liposomes, may also be suitable ascarriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to thoseskilled in the art. For example, liposome formulations may be preparedas described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811. Briefly, liposomes such asmultilamellar vesicles (MLV's) may be formed by drying down phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl serine (7:3 molar ratio) on the inside of aflask. A solution of a compound provided herein in phosphate bufferedsaline lacking divalent cations (PBS) is added and the flask shakenuntil the lipid film is dispersed. The resulting vesicles are washed toremove unencapsulated compound, pelleted by centrifugation, and thenresuspended in PBS.

The compounds or derivatives may be packaged as articles of manufacturecontaining packaging material, a compound or derivative thereof providedherein, which is effective for treatment, prevention or amelioration ofone or more symptoms of the diseases or disorders, supra, within thepackaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound orcomposition or derivative thereof, is used for the treatment, preventionor amelioration of one or more symptoms of the diseases or disorders,supra.

The articles of manufacture provided herein contain packaging materials.Packaging materials for use in packaging products are well known tothose of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,323,907,5,052,558 and 5,033,252. Examples of packaging materials include, butare not limited to, blister packs, bottles, tubes, inhalers, pumps,bags, vials, containers, syringes, bottles, and any packaging materialsuitable for a selected formulation and intended mode of administrationand treatment. A wide array of formulations of the compounds andcompositions provided herein are contemplated as are a variety oftreatments for any disease or disorder described herein.

Dosages

In human therapeutics, the physician will determine the dosage regimenthat is most appropriate according to a preventive or curative treatmentand according to the age, weight, stage of the disease and other factorsspecific to the subject to be treated. The compositions, in otherembodiments, should provide a dosage of from about 0.0001 mg to about 70mg of compound per kilogram of body weight per day. Dosage unit formsare prepared to provide from about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg or 1 mg to about 500mg, 1000 mg or 5000 mg, and in some embodiments from about 10 mg toabout 500 mg of the active ingredient or a combination of essentialingredients per dosage unit form. The amount of active ingredient in theformulations provided herein, which will be effective in the preventionor treatment of a disorder or one or more symptoms thereof, will varywith the nature and severity of the disease or condition, and the routeby which the active ingredient is administered. The frequency and dosagewill also vary according to factors specific for each subject dependingon the specific therapy (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic agents)administered, the severity of the disorder, disease, or condition, theroute of administration, as well as age, body, weight, response, and thepast medical history of the subject.

Exemplary doses of a formulation include milligram or microgram amountsof the active compound per kilogram of subject (e.g., from about 1micrograms per kilogram to about 50 milligrams per kilogram, from about10 micrograms per kilogram to about 30 milligrams per kilogram, fromabout 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 10 milligrams per kilogram,or from about 100 microgram per kilogram to about 5 milligrams perkilogram).

It may be necessary to use dosages of the active ingredient outside theranges disclosed herein in some cases, as will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it is noted that the clinicianor treating physician will know how and when to interrupt, adjust, orterminate therapy in conjunction with subject response.

Different therapeutically effective amounts may be applicable fordifferent diseases and conditions, as will be readily known by those ofordinary skill in the art. Similarly, amounts sufficient to prevent,manage, treat or ameliorate such disorders, but insufficient to cause,or sufficient to reduce, adverse effects associated with the compositionprovided herein are also encompassed by the above described dosageamounts and dose frequency schedules. Further, when a subject isadministered multiple dosages of a composition provided herein, not allof the dosages need be the same. For example, the dosage administered tothe subject may be increased to improve the prophylactic or therapeuticeffect of the composition or it may be decreased to reduce one or moreside effects that a particular subject is experiencing.

In certain embodiments, administration of the same formulation providedherein may be repeated and the administrations may be separated by atleast 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days,2 months, 75 days, 3 months, or 6 months.

Methods of Use of the Compounds and Compositions

Methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms ofdiseases including, for example, migraine, ALS, Parkinson's disease,extra-pyramidal disorders, depression, nausea, restless legs syndrome,insomnia, aggression, Huntington's disease, dystonia, parsomnia andhyperlactinemia are also provided herein. In practicing the methods,therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds or compositions,described herein, supra, are administered.

Also provided are methods for antagonizing receptors including 5-HT_(2B)receptors and adrenergic alpha_(1A), alpha_(1D), alpha_(2c), alpha_(2A)and alpha_(2B) receptors using the compounds and compositions, describedherein. In practicing the methods, therapeutically effective amounts ofthe compounds or compositions, described herein, supra, areadministered.

Also provided are methods for agonizing the 5-HT_(1D) and 5-HT_(1B)receptors using the compounds and compositions described herein. In someembodiments, methods of selectively agonizing the 5-HT_(1D) receptorover the 5-HT_(1B) receptor using the compounds and compositionsdescribed herein is provided. In other embodiments, the compounds andcompositions described herein selectively agonizes the 5-HT_(1D)receptor over the 5-HT_(1B) receptor in a ratio of about 4:1. In stillother embodiments, the compounds and compositions described hereinselectively agonizes the 5-HT_(1D) receptor over the 5-HT_(1B) receptorin a ratio of about 30:1. In other embodiments, the compounds andcompositions described herein selectively agonizes the 5-HT1D receptorover the 5-HT1B receptor in a ratio of about 20:1.

Strong agonism of the 5-HT_(1B) receptor frequently leads to adversecardiovascular effects due to excessive vasoconstriction. Whileselective agonism as described above is preferred, also desired isantagonism of adrenergic receptors such as, for example, alpha_(1A),alpha_(1D), alpha_(2A), alpha_(2B) and alpha_(2C) by migrainetherapeutics which can reduce such vasoconstriction caused by strong5-HT_(1B)agonism. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositionsselectively agonizes the 5-HT_(1D) receptor over the 5-HT_(1B) receptorand antagonize one or more of adrenergic alpha_(1A) receptor, adrenergicalpha_(2A), receptor, or adrenergic alpha_(2B) receptor. In otherembodiments, the compounds and compositions agonizes one or more of5-HT_(1B) or 5-HT_(1D) receptor and antagonize one or more of adrenergicalpha_(1A) receptor, adrenergic alpha_(2A), receptor, or adrenergicalpha_(2B) receptor.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to select compounds that are usefulfor the treatment of one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Anideal compound for such treatment should have selective agonistactivities for the dopaminergic D₂ receptor. Additionally, in someembodiments, it may be advantageous for a compound to have weak tomoderate 5-HT_(1B) and 5-HT_(1D) receptor agonist activities. In otherembodiments, it may be advantageous for a compound to have 5-HT₂receptors antagonism activities.

As an illustrative example (and described in detail in the Examplesbelow), the lisuride-derivative compound, hereinafter referred to asCompound 5A,

exhibited weak 5-HT_(2A) receptor agonist activity (as compared tolisuride, which exhibits strong 5-HT_(2A) receptor agonism).Additionally, Compound 5A also exhibited weaker dopaminergic receptorD₃agonism (as compared to lisuride, which has strong D₃ receptoragonism). Furthermore, Compound 5A was also a 5-HT_(2B) antagonist.Compound 5A exhibited properties that are more desirable than lisuridein that 5-HT_(2A) receptor agonism is associated with hallucination,which is often a side effect of some anti-Parkinson's agents (see forexample, Egan et al., Psychopharmacology (1998) 136:409-414). Similarly,D₃ receptor agonism has been hypothesized to be responsible for thehallucinogenic side effects of some anti-Parkinson's agents (see forexample, Newman-Tancredi, et al., J. Pharmacology and Exp Therapeutics(2002) 303(2): 815-822). Agonist activity of the 5-HT_(2B)receptor hasalso been shown to be associated with cardiac and non-cardiac fibrosis.Without being bound to any particular theory, it is hypothesized thatthe two CF3 modifications in Compound 5A are responsible for thedesirable effects of this molecule. It is also further hypothesized,that a similar modification with two C₂F₅ groups would also producesimilar receptor binding results.

Depending on the dosing or treatment regimen, in some embodiments, itmay be advantageous for the compound to have a relatively shorthalf-life. In some embodiments, the half-life of the compound is lessthan 5 hours. In other embodiments, the half-life of the compound isbetween 1 hour to 5 hours. In still other embodiments, the half-life ofthe compound is less than 8 hours. Alternatively, it may be advantageousfor the compound to have a moderate to long half-life. In someembodiments, the half-life of the compound is greater than 10 hours. Inother embodiments, the half-life of the compound is between 12 hours and24 hours.

Combination Therapy

The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may also be used incombination with one or more other active ingredients. In certainembodiments, the compounds may be administered in combination, orsequentially, with another therapeutic agent. Such other therapeuticagents include those known for treatment, prevention, or amelioration ofone or more symptoms associated with migraine or Parkinson's disease. Asan illustrative example, compounds such as Compound 5A may beadministered to a patient with Parkinson's disease as an adjunct therapyin addition to monotherapies, such as L-dihydroxyphenylacetyl acid(L-DOPA). Alternatively, compounds such as Compound 5A may beadministered as a monotherapy.

It should be understood that any suitable combination of the compoundsand compositions provided herein with one or more of the abovetherapeutic agents and optionally one or more further pharmacologicallyactive substances are considered to be within the scope of the presentdisclosure. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions providedherein are administered prior to or subsequent to the one or moreadditional active ingredients.

It should also be understood that any suitable combination of thecompounds and compositions provided herein may be used with other agentsto agonize and or antagonize the receptors mentioned above.

Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways ofimplementing the present invention. Accordingly, the present embodimentsare to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and theinvention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may bemodified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.

All publications and patents cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety.

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only andare not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Compound 5A

Compound 5A was synthesized using the following synthesis route:

A solution of lisuride base (product 1, above, 0.61 grams, 1.8 mmol) inacetic anhydride (10 mL) was stirred in an oil bath kept at 133° C. for110 minutes under argon. The acetic anhydride was removed in vacuo andthe solid residue was purified by flash chromatography (100% chloroform)to yield product 2, above. Product 2 was dissolved in a 4:1 mixture ofwater and 1N HCl solution (20 mL) and refluxed for 11 hours under argon.The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 13 with 5% aq. Na₂CO₃ andextracted with chloroform-MeOH (4:1). The extract was evaporated todryness and the oily residue (product 3, above) was used in the nextstep without further purification. To the solution of product 3 in drydichloromethane (10 mL) was added p-nitrophenylchloroformate (50 mg,0.25 mmol) as a solid at 0° C. followed by dry triethylamine (0.035 mL,0.25 mmol) and the reaction mixture was kept at 0-5° C. for 2 hoursunder argon. The completeness of the reaction was determined by LCMS.The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness in vacuo and the crudeproduct 4, above, was used in the next step without purification.Trimethylaluminum (2M solution in toluene, 0.6 mL, 1.2 mmol) was addedto hexafluoroehylamine at 0° C. in dry dichloromethane. Then thetemperature was allowed to reach room temperature and the solution wasstirred for 2.5 hours. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and product 4(60 mg, 0.15 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (6 mL) was added. The reactionmixture was allowed to reach room temperature and stirred for 3 hours.5% aq. NaHCO₃ was added at 0° C., and stirred for 15 minutes at thistemperature until the gas evolution ceased. The organic solvent wasseparated and evaporated to dryness to give a yellow solid residue. Thisproduct 5 was purified by flash chromatography (15% ethyl acetate inheptane) product 5 with approximately 95% purity. This material was thenrecrystallized from 15% ethyl acetate in heptane to give final product5, or Compound 5a, with 98% purity as determined by UPLC-MS analysis.Identity of final product 5, or Compound 5a, was confirmed using ¹HNMRand other analytical techniques. ¹H NMR results are as follows: ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.92 (s, 1H),6.51-6.57 (m, 1H), 5.43-5.54 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.90-4.11 (m,4H), 3.50-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.94 (s, 1H), 2.71-2.80(m, 1H), 2.58-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H).

Example 2 Receptor Agonist/Antagonist Action of Compound 5A

Compound 5A was synthesized as described above and assayed for receptoractivity against a panel of dopaminergic and serotoninergic receptors.

Recombinant human receptors serotonin 5-HT_(2A), 5-HT_(2B) wereexpressed in CHO-K1 cells and activity (receptor agonist/antagonistactivity) was assayed using an Aequorin assay (coexpression ofmitochondrial apoaequorin) and Compound 5a at a concentration of 0.10 nMto 20,000 nM for agonist activity and 0.005 nM to 10,000 nM forantagonist activity. Results showed that Compound 5a retained 5-HT_(2B)antagonism activity (similar to lisuride) with an 1050 of 190 nM.Surprisingly, Compound 5a displayed weak agonist activity on the5-HT_(2A) receptor, as compared to lisuride, with an EC50 of 5020 nM.The agonist activity of lisuride on the 5-HT_(2A)receptor is reported tobe 8.1 mM (Newman-Tancredi, et al., J. Pharmacology and Exp Therapeutics(2002) 303(2): 815-822). The preserved 5-HT_(2B) antagonism activity ishypothesized to a decrease or minimized occurrence of fibrosis (cardiacand non-cardiac) as it is thought that 5-HT_(2B) agonism is responsiblefor this undesirable side-effect in other iso-ergoline compounds. Thelowered agonist activity to the 5-HT_(2A) is hypothesized to a decreaseor minimized occurrence of hallucinogenic effects, as it is thought that5-HT_(2A)agonism is responsible for the undesirable hallucinogenicproperties associated with lisuride. Recombinant human dopaminergicreceptor D_(2L) and D₃ and serotonin receptors 5-HT_(1A), 5-HT_(1B) and5-HT_(1D) activity was assayed using a GTPγS functional assay withCompound 5a at concentrations between 0.005 nM and 10,000 nM. Resultsshowed that Compound 5a exhibited weak agonist activities towards thedopaminergic D₃ receptor, with an EC₅₀ of 27 nM, compared to lisuridewhich has strong affinity and agonist activity towards the D₃ receptorwith an EC₅₀ reported at 0.7 nM (Newman-Tancrediet al., J. Pharmacologyand Exp Therapeutics (2002) 303(2): 805-814). It has been hypothesizedthat D₃ receptor agonism is responsible for part of the undesirablehallucinogenic effects of lisuride and other iso-ergolines. A decreasedagonist activity towards the D₃ receptor by Compound 5a is likely toproduce minimal or decreased hallucinogenic effects. Results also showedcomparable D_(2L) agonist activity (E_(max)) from Compound 5a whencompared to lisuride. This result is consistent with the hypothesis thatCompound 5a would have similar effects in the treatment of Parkinson'sdisease symptoms as lisuride. Taken together, these receptor activityresults indicate that Compound 5a would have similar benefits in thetreatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms as lisuride, with a decreasein undesirable side effects such as fibrosis and/or hallucinogeniceffects.

Surprisingly, the receptor activity assay for 5-HT_(1B) and 5-HT_(1D)showed moderate agonism towards these two receptors, with a 20-foldselectivity for 5-HT_(1D) to 5-HT_(1B) (EC₅₀ of 287 nM and 15 nM,respectively). Additionally, Compound 5a exhibited weak/moderateagonistic activity towards the 5-HT_(1A) receptor. Taken together, thesereceptor activity results (along with the 5-HT_(2B) antagonism) indicatethat Compound 5a would be a good candidate for the acute treatment ofmigraine, as well as potentially for migraine prophylaxis, with reducedor minimal undesired fibrosis side-effects.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I) or (II):

or ion pairs, metabolites, polymorphs, salts, hydrates or solvatesthereof, wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄)alkyl or (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms; R₂is alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, substituted acyl, halo, heteroalkyl,substituted heteroalkyl, —NO₂, —N₃, —OH, —S(O)_(k)R₁₀₀, —OR₁₀₁,—NR₁₀₂R₁₀₃, —CONR₁₀₄R₁₀₅, —CO₂R₁₀₆ or —O₂CR₁₀₇; R₃ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄) substituted alkyl, (C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one ormore fluorine atoms; arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl; R₄ and R₅ areindependently hydrogen, (C₁-C₄) alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₄) alkyl,(C₁-C₄) alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, heteroalkyl,substituted hetereoalkyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl or R₄ and R₅ together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are attached form a cycloheteroalkyl or substitutedcycloheteroalkyl ring; R₁₁ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃) alkyl or (C₁-C₃) alkylsubstituted with one or more fluorine atoms; R₁₂ is hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,substituted hetereoalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl or —S(O)_(m)R₁₀₈;R₁₀₀-R₁₀₈ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl,substituted acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted hetereoalkyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl;m and k are independently 0, 1 or 2; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; providedthat at least one of R₄ or R₅ is substituted with fluorine unless R₄ andR₅ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form acycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring.
 2. The compoundof claim 1, wherein R₄ and R₅ are not both —CH₂CH₃.
 3. The compound ofclaim 1, having the structure:


4. The compound of claim 1, having the structure:


5. The compound of claim 1 having the structure:


6. The compound of 1 having the structure:


7. A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a vehicle.
 8. Amethod of treating and/or preventing migraine in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of the compound of claim
 1. 9. A method of treating and/orpreventing migraine in a subject comprising administering to the subjectin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition ofclaim
 7. 10. A method of treating and/or preventing one or more symptomsof Parkinson's disease in a subject comprising administering to thesubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of thecompound of claim
 1. 11. A method of treating and/or preventing one ormore symptoms of Parkinson's disease in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of the composition of claim
 7. 12. A method of agonizing the D₂receptor in a subject comprising administering to the subject in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1.13. A method of agonizing the 5-HT_(1D) receptor in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of the compound of claim
 1. 14. A method of selectively agonizingthe 5-HT_(1D) receptor over the 5-HT_(1B) receptor in a subjectcomprising administering to the subject in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 15. Amethod of providing functional antagonist activity at the 5-HT_(2B)receptor in a subject comprising administering to the subject in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1.